Research+Methods+1

 • experimental research: operational independent and dependent variables; identification of extraneous and potential confounding variables; identification of control and experimental groups; reporting conventions  • sampling procedures in selection and allocation of participants: random sampling; stratified sampling; random-stratified sampling; random allocation of participants to groups  • techniques of qualitative and quantitative data collection: observational studies; self-reports; surveys; questionnaires; interviews; rating scales; standardised and non-standardised tests  • statistics: measures of central tendency including mean, median and mode; spread of scores including standard deviation and variance; frequency distributions showing bimodal, normal and skew (positive and negative) distributions; scatter plots and correlation; reliability including test-retest, inter-rater, parallel forms and internal consistency; validity including content, criterion-related, construct and external;
 * Research methods appropriate to the measurement of attitudes and behaviours: **

